As people pay more and more attention to food safety and environmental safety, more and more attention is paid to biological pesticides. Microbial pesticides are still the main part of biological pesticides. Since 2010, large multinational agrochemical companies have stepped into the field of biopesticide through mergers and acquisitions, reorganization and cooperation, which has greatly promoted the development of the biopesticide industry. According to Research and Markets estimates, the global biopesticide market will grow at a compound annual growth rate of 15.65% from 2020 to 2026, and is expected to reach 7.17 billion US dollars by 2026. Markets and Markets estimates that the global biopesticide market may reach US$8.5 billion in 2025. Microbial pesticides occupies a major share in biological pesticides.
From 2010 to 2020, the microbial pesticide industry has developed rapidly. Some new types of microbial pesticides, especially those based on new types of microbial pesticides, have obtained pesticide registration and went on the market, which has further enriched the prevention and control methods of crop diseases, insects and weeds. This article summarizes the new active ingredients of major microbial pesticides (pesticides developed without secondary metabolites produced by microorganisms) newly registered at home and abroad during the past 10 years. Based on the registration status and future development trends of new microbial pesticides, some suggestions are put forward for the research and development of new microbial pesticides, hoping to promote the research and development of microbial pesticides in my country.
1 New active ingredients of microbial pesticides registered or marketed abroad from 2010 to 2020
1.1 Bacterial pesticides
Bacterial pesticides registered between 2010 and 2020 are mainly Bacillus, including Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus firmus, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus mycoides, etc.; other bacteria include Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus firmus, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus mycoides Pasteurella, Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, Chromobacterium, Wolbachia and Lactobacillus, etc.
1.1.1 Bacillus thuringiensis
Bacillus thuringiensis is the most widely used type of microbial insecticide, and it has always been valued by traditional biological pesticide companies. Holista CollTech Limited is a compound of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. Israel and trypsin inhibitor. It was registered in Malaysia under the trade name of Mousticide in 2011 for the control of mosquito larvae. Phyllom BioProduct used the Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. Galleria SDS-502 strain preparations in the United States and Canada in 2014 and 2019, respectively, under the trade names of GrubGone! Granular, BeetleGone! Tlc, BeetleGone! AG, GrubGONE, GrubHALT, BeetleGONE, and BeetleJUS Registration is mainly used for the prevention and control of maggots, beetles, weevils and drill tree pests in forests, farms and gardens. ValentBiosciences of the United States made a special registration of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. Kustak and a crystal protein under the trade name of DiPel DF in California in 2011 for the prevention and control of lepidopteran pests; the company was established in Canada in 2015 The preparation of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. Ayusawa ABTS1587 strain preparation is registered under the trade name of XenTari WG, which is used to prevent and control lepidopteran pest larvae on various fruits, vegetables, rapeseed crops and ornamental plants. AEF Global registered the preparation of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. Kustak EVB-113-19 strain in the United States in 2016 under the trade name Bioprotec. Summit Chemical used the Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. Israel SUM -6218 strain and registered it in the United States in 2016 under the trade name SummitBti MP to control mosquito larvae.
1.1.2 Bacillus subtilis
Among the newly registered Bacillus subtilis, there are mainly 5 different strains-QST713, FMCH002, GB03, BU1814 and AIB/BS03 strains. The companies that register these Bacillus subtilis are mainly large multinational agrochemical companies such as Bayer, BASF, FMC and AgraQuest before the acquisition by Bayer. All registered Bacillus subtilis preparations are biological fungicides. Among them, the trade name F4018-4 developed by FMC using Bacillus subtilis FMCH002 strain and Bacillus licheniformis FMCH001 strain can be used as a seed treatment agent to prevent and control seed rot. , Seedling blight and destructive nematodes, obtained Canadian pesticide registration in 2019.
1.1.3 Bacillus amyloliquefaciens
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens is a newly registered bacillus. Companies involved in the registration of pesticides with the bacteria as active ingredients mainly include large agrochemical companies such as Bayer, BASF and Sumitomo, and some traditional biocontrol products companies such as Marrone BioInnovation, Andermatt Biocontrol AG and Valent BioSciences. The registered Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strains mainly include MBI600, F727, D747, FZB42 and QST 713. The new fungicide developed with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens as the active ingredient has a relatively broad spectrum of activity and can prevent and control many crop diseases. The Bacillus amyloliquefaciens PTA-4838 developed by Lidochem was registered in the U.S. in 2016 as the active ingredient of bionematicides and is used to control nematodes in many crops.
1.1.4 Bacillus firmus
The seed treatment agent for nematode control developed by Bayer, which uses B. firmus and clothianidin as active ingredients, was registered in the United States in 2011. Bayer was registered in the European Union, Italy, New Zealand and Brazil in 2013, 2014, 2016, and 2017 for bionematicides with B. firmus strain I-1582 as the active ingredient.
1.1.5 Pasteurella
The newly registered Pasteurella used for the control of plant parasitic nematodes mainly include Pasteuria usgae, Pasteuria nishizawae PN1 and Pasteuriaspp.-Pr3. Among them, Pasteuria Bioscience acquired P. usgae and P. nishizawae PN1 in 2010 and 2012, respectively. The strain is registered in the United States for the control of a variety of plant parasitic nematodes. After Syngenta acquired Pasteuria Bioscience, P. nishizawaePN1 strain preparations were registered in Canada and Brazil in 2015 and 2017 respectively as bionematicides.
1.1.6 Pseudomonas fluorescens
The newly registered Pseudomonas fluorescens strains and preparations have broad pesticide activity. The preparation of the cl145a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens developed by Marrone BioInnovation in the United States was approved by the United States in 2014 and registered as a biological molluscicide. The Pseudomonas fluorescens DSMZ 13134 strain formulation developed by Sourcon-Padena was approved by the European Union in 2013 as a biological fungicide. The preparation of Pseudomonas fluorescens D7 strain developed by Verdesian Life Sciences was approved by the United States in 2014 and obtained pesticide registration as a biological herbicide. The AFS009 strain preparation of Pseudomonas chlorophylla jointly developed by AgBiome Innovations and SePRO Corporation was registered in the United States in 2017 as a biological fungicide for the prevention and treatment of various fungal and oomycete diseases.
1.1.7 Actinomycetes
Among the newly registered pesticides for actinomycetes, Streptomyces lydiae WYEC108 strain preparations were registered or approved by FuturEco Biosciences and Novozymes Bio-Agriculture Alliance in the EU and Australia as biological fungicides in 2014 and 2017, respectively.
1.1.8 Other bacteria
The Wolbachia ZAP strain formulation developed by MosquitoMate was approved by the United States in 2017 and was registered as a bio-mosquito pesticide. It prevents the eggs of Aedes albopictus by releasing adult Aedes albopictus infected with W. pipientisZAP. development. The bioinsecticide developed by Marrone BioInnovation of the United States, with the Chromobacterium hemlockii PRAA4-1T strain as the active ingredient, obtained pesticide registration in the United States and Mexico in 2011 and 2016, respectively, for the prevention and control of insects or harmful mites. Marrone BioInnovation has also developed a formulation with inactivated Burkholderia A396 as the active ingredient. As a biological insecticide and a biological nematicide, it was registered as a pesticide in the United States and Mexico in 2014 and 2016, respectively. It also applied for pesticide registration in the United States in 2018 for the control of resistant weeds, especially amaranth weeds. AgraQuest of the United States obtained the pesticide registration of Bacillus pumilus QST2808 strain preparation as a biological fungicide in Brazil in 2011. After Bayer acquired AgraQuest, the preparation was approved by the European Union as a biological fungicide. BASF of Germany obtained the US pesticide registration for the preparation of Bacillus pumilus BU F-33 strain in 2013, which is used for seed treatment of crops such as tomatoes and carrots to prevent and control seedling diseases. The preparation of Bacillus mycoides J strain developed by Marrone BioInnovation was used as a biological fungicide and was registered as a pesticide in the United States and Canada in 2016 for the prevention and control of fungal diseases on a variety of crops. The Lactobacillus plantarum preparation developed by Meiji Chemical Co., Ltd. was registered as a pesticide in Japan in 2015 as a biological fungicide.
1.2 Fungal pesticides
1.2.1 Beauveria bassiana
The German BASF company registered Beauveria bassiana PPRI 5339 as a bioinsecticide and biological acaricide in Australia, Canada and the European Union in 2017, 2017, and 2019, while Arysta registered the Coccidia in the European Union in 2017. Beauveria bassiana 147 strain and NPP111B005 strain were used as biological insecticides. In addition, some companies have registered other strains of Beauveria bassiana as biological insecticides in the United States and the European Union.
1.2.2 Metarhizium anisopliae
Novozymes' Bio-Agricultural Alliance obtained the U.S. registration of the F52 strain of Metarhizium anisopliae in the United States in 2013 for the prevention and control of pests of horticultural plants and protected vegetables in greenhouses. Alstar Life Sciences obtained the registration of Metarhizium anisopliae in Japan in 2014 for pest control.
1.2.3 Paecilomyces
FuturEco's formulation of Paecilomyces fumigatus Fe 9901 strain was approved by the European Union in 2013 for use as a biological nematicide. Bayer obtained the pesticide registration of Paecilomyces lilacinus 251 strain as a bionematicide in Greece in 2017.
1.2.4 Trichoderma
From 2010 to 2020, a variety of Trichoderma was registered as biological fungicides, mainly including Trichoderma asperelloides, T. gamsii, T. asperellum, T. atroviride, T. harzinum, T. viridae and T. stromaticum. These different strains of Trichoderma have been approved in the United States, the European Union, Canada, Brazil and other countries for the prevention and control of various crop diseases.
1.2.5 Other fungi
1.3 Viral pesticides
1.3.1 Insect viruses
Insect viruses are an important type of insect pathogenic microorganisms, and occupy a certain proportion of the newly registered microbial pesticides in foreign countries in the past 10 years. The newly registered insect viruses mainly include Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus, codling moth granulovirus, Helicoverpa armigera nuclear polyhedrosis virus, Spodoptera frugiperda nuclear polyhedrosis virus, Helicoverpa armigera and sea ash wing Some new strains of Spodoptera nuclear polyhedrosis virus.
1.3.2 Phage
Omnilytics has developed a wild phage preparation based on tomato scab bacteria and Pseudomonas syringae tomato pathogenic species, and under the trade name AgriPhage-CMMTM, it was registered as a pesticide in the United States and Canada in 2011 and 2012 respectively for the control of tomato bacteria Stem canker disease. A microbial fungicide based on xylem refractory bacteriophages developed by Japan's Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. is used for the prevention and control of bacterial leaf blight on citrus crops and was registered in the United States in 2019.
1.3.3 Plant viruses
The use of attenuated plant virus strains to induce the cross-resistance of plants to plant viruses is an important means of biological control of plant virus diseases. Bio-OzBiotechnologies obtained the EU registration of an attenuated strain of zucchini yellow mosaic virus in 2013 for the prevention and control of zucchini yellow mosaic virus disease. The European Union, Canada, etc. have approved the registration of pesticides for multiple light isolates of Pepino Mosaic Virus, which are used to activate the immune system response of tomatoes to resist the infection of the highly virulent Pepino Mosaic Virus. The Tobacco Light Green Mosaic Virus developed by BioProdex was registered as a pesticide in the United States in 2014. As a biological herbicide, it can trigger a hypersensitivity lethal reaction to kill tropical scallops in pasture and woodland.
2 Newly registered microbial pesticides in my country in recent years
In recent years, with the emphasis on food safety, ecology and the environment, the registration of new active ingredients of microbial pesticides in my country is also speeding up. At present, the number of microbial pesticide registrations that are still valid has reached more than 400, of which nearly 270 have been registered in the past 10 years. In particular, the number of new active ingredient registrations of microbial pesticides has increased in recent years.
2.1 Bacterial pesticides
Bacterial pesticides account for about 70% of the newly registered microbial pesticides in China, but many of them are old varieties, such as Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, etc. However, some brand-new bacterial pesticides have emerged in recent years, with partial activity The ingredients are the first in the world. The Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences introduced the gene of Cry3A protein, which is highly active against coleopteran pests, into the natural wild Bacillus thuringiensis G03 strain to construct the engineered strain G033A. The mother drug and preparation of this strain were produced by Wuhan Kono Company, and its preparation was registered It is used for the control of potato beetle and cabbage diamondback moth. Tests show that the preparation of this strain has a good control effect on potato beetle, yellow beetle, diamondback moth and other pests. G033A preparation is the first genetically engineered bacterial insecticide to be registered as a pesticide in my country. The Suyunjin wettable powder registered by Wuhan Kono in 2008 will be changed in 2020, expanding the scope of use for the control of Spodoptera frugiperda in corn. The brevis bacillus developed by Zhenjiang Runyu Biotechnology obtained pesticide registration in 2013 and is used to control a variety of lepidopteran pests on rice, tea, vegetables, cotton and tobacco. In 2019, Changsha Agri Company registered the HNI-1 suspension of Rhodosina sulfophila to control tomato root knot nematode, mosaic virus disease and rice smut disease. The methylotrophic Bacillus BAC-9912 strain preparation developed by the Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences was registered as a pesticide in 2016 and is used as a biological fungicide to prevent cucumber gray mold. The marine bacillus preparation developed by Zhejiang Tonglu Huifeng Biotechnology Co., Ltd. was registered as a pesticide in 2014 for the control of tomato bacterial wilt and cucumber gray mold. The Bacillus firmus preparation developed by Ningguo Bailide Biotechnology Co., Ltd. was registered as a pesticide in 2014 for the prevention and treatment of cucumber gray mold. Shaanxi Meibang Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd. developed a preparation of Brevibacterium brevis A60 strain that was registered as a pesticide in 2019 for the prevention and treatment of pepper blight. The preparation of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Lx-11 strain developed by Jiangsu Suke Agrochemical Co., Ltd. was registered in 2019 for the control of bacterial leaf blight and bacterial leaf spot of rice. The formulation of the Paenibacillus polymyxa KN-03 strain developed by Wuhan Kono was registered as a pesticide in 2018 for the control of tomato bacterial wilt, cucumber bacterial angular leaf spot and wheat head blight. The PSB-S formulation of Rhodopseudomonas marshes developed by the Hunan Institute of Plant Protection was registered as a pesticide in 2019 by Changsha Agri Company. It is used as a biological fungicide to control pepper mosaic virus disease and rice blast disease.
2.2 Fungal pesticides
In the past 10 years, the newly registered fungal pesticides accounted for about 20% of the total microbial pesticides. New fungal pesticides are represented by Metarhizium anisopliae CQMa421, C. scutellacus CGMCC8325, C. scutellaria ZS-1SB and Pythium oligandrum. . The CQMa421 strain of Metarhizium anisopliae was screened by Chongqing University. It has a good control effect on a variety of pests, including Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and Homoptera pests of rice, tea and other crops. It was developed by Chongqing Julixin Biological Engineering Co., Ltd. It has become an insecticide and has been registered. The dispersible oil suspension concentrate of this strain will be expanded to be registered in 2020 for the control of Spodoptera frugiperda. Conchotodium scutellaria ZS-1SB wettable powder was registered by Hubei Xinfeng Crop Protection Co., Ltd. in 2019 for the prevention and treatment of rape sclerotia. The CGMCC8325 wettable powder developed by Wuxi Minong Biotechnology Co., Ltd. was registered in 2016 for the control of rape and sunflower sclerotia. The registration of Pythium oligandrum in my country was later than abroad. Czech Biologics Co., Ltd. was officially registered as a pesticide in 2013 for the prevention and treatment of various fungi and oomycete diseases on tomatoes, rice, tobacco and apple trees.
2.3 Viral pesticides
The viral pesticides registered in my country in the past 10 years are mainly insect viruses, including cotton bollworm nuclear polyhedrosis virus, beet armyworm nuclear polyhedrosis virus, and Spodoptera litura nuclear polyhedrosis virus. Among them, the new insect virus is the rice leaf roller granule virus. The mixed formulation developed by Yangzhou Lvyuan Company with the rice leaf roller granule virus and Bacillus thuringiensis as effective ingredients was registered in 2018 for the control of rice leaf rollers. Leaf roller.
3 Development trend of microbial pesticides
3.1 The policy level will provide strong support for the development of microbial pesticides
Pesticide management departments in various countries have strengthened the supervision of pesticides, banning the use of highly toxic chemical pesticides, and further lowering the registration threshold of biological pesticides. Judging from the registration of biological pesticides in the United States, the European Union, Brazil and India, the development has been very rapid in recent years. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has greatly reduced the time and cost of biopesticide registration by improving biopesticide test methods and reducing data requirements, creating a precedent in the simplification of global biopesticide registration and making it the leader in biopesticide applications in the United States. Since 2015, my country has implemented the zero-growth action for the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. It is required to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides and achieve zero growth in the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides by 2020. This provides a good opportunity for the development of biological pesticides, especially microbial pesticides. In 2017, the new "Regulations on Pesticide Management" was promulgated and implemented, which will further reduce the review cycle and registration fees of biopesticide products, and implement priority review for biopesticides, so as to promote the healthy development of the biopesticide industry.
3.2 Bacteria will still be the mainstay of microbial pesticides
As an important active ingredient of microbial pesticides, bacteria have always occupied an important position in microbial pesticides. Judging from the bacterial pesticides registered at home and abroad in the past 10 years, a large number of new microbial species or new targets for prevention and control continue to emerge. An analysis of US biopesticide registration data shows that bacteria accounted for more than 50% of the current effective microbial pesticide registrations, and bacteria accounted for more than 40% of the newly registered microbial pesticides since 2010. Although the proportion of bacteria is declining, its proportion is still higher than that of fungi and viruses. Because bacteria are easy to cultivate, their pesticide activity evaluation is relatively easy, and the fermentation production process of bacterial pesticides is mature, and the cost of industrialized production is controllable, which has attracted the attention of biological pesticide research and development and production units. Fungal pesticides have long fermentation cycles and relatively high production costs. Viral pesticides are mostly cultivated by living insects, and their industrialization is restricted by the large-scale breeding of insects. The future development of fungal and viral pesticides depends on the progress of their production processes.
3.3 The involvement of large multinational agrochemical companies will promote the development of the microbial pesticide industry
Around 2012, large agrochemical companies such as Syngenta, Bayer, BASF and other companies re-entered the field of biological pesticides through mergers and acquisitions. These multinational companies are currently expanding and strengthening biological pesticides through mergers and acquisitions to enrich crop pest control methods. . In 2020, Syngenta will strategically acquire Italy's Varagro, and American Pioneer will acquire the biological products company Acunas. These also show that multinational agrochemical companies have firm confidence in biological pesticides. Biological pesticides, especially microbial pesticides, have a bright future. Relying on the strong technological innovation and marketization capabilities of these large multinational agrochemical companies, it can be predicted that the microbial pesticide industry will continue to develop in the next five years, and its market share may reach 7-8 billion US dollars.
3.4 Small and medium-sized enterprises represented by MBI will keep the microbial pesticide industry alive
The investment in research and development of biological pesticides, especially microbial pesticides, is relatively low. Small and medium-sized enterprises, especially some innovative companies, can compete with large multinational agrochemical companies in the field of microbial pesticides, and these small and medium-sized innovative companies rely on their specific fields. Has developed many new types of microbial pesticides. MBI Corporation of the United States is a representative of innovative enterprises. And some start-up companies engaged in plant microbiome, such as Indigo Ag, AgBiome in the United States, and Mun Biome in China, have been favored by capital. They have passed the D, C and Pre-A rounds of financing, respectively, reaching 2.02 Billion U.S. dollars, 65 million U.S. dollars and 60 million yuan. These start-up companies are committed to the development of crop protection products based on the microbiome. AgBiome's microbial fungicide based on the AFS009 strain of Pseudomonas chlorophylla was approved by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in 2017. Some seed treatment agents based on the microbiome developed by these start-up companies have also shown good disease prevention and growth promotion effects. Small and medium-sized enterprises based on technological innovation will keep the microbial pesticide industry alive.

The Rhodosporidium roseum preparation developed by Certis Company in the United States was registered in the United States in 2011 for the control of aphids, whiteflies, thrips and mites. From 2010 to 2020, the research and development of using yeast as microbial fungicides has received extensive attention, including Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida olive, Aureobasidium pullulans and Meschia drupe strains in the European Union and France. , Italy, Belgium, Australia and New Zealand and other places have been registered and marketed, used for disease prevention and treatment or anti-disease activator. The powdery mildew parasite AQ10 can parasitize the powdery mildew hyphae and was approved by the European Union in 2018 for use as a biological fungicide. Phlebiopsis gigantea VRA 1992 strain was developed by BioForest Technologies as a biological fungicide for the prevention and treatment of conifer root rot. It was registered as a pesticide in Canada and the United States in 2014 and 2016, respectively. In 2017, Bayer registered the Scutellarin CON/M/91-08 strain preparation in the EU for the prevention and control of crop diseases such as rape and lettuce. The microbial pesticide developed by MBI company with the white musk mold SA-13 strain as the active ingredient was registered in the United States in 2015. This strain can produce volatile pesticide active substances and can control nematodes and soil facsimile bacteria in farm soil through fumigation. Disease. The PC10 isolate preparation of Puccinia chlamydosporica developed by Rizoflora of Brazil has been registered in Brazil and is used for the control of nematodes in cotton, corn, soybeans and other crops. The preparation based on the predatory fungus Duddingtonia flagrans IAH 1297 strain developed by International Animal Health Products has been registered as a bionematocide with EPA for the control of parasitic nematodes in herbivores. The preparation of Gliocladium rubrum CR-7 strain developed by Bee Vectoring Technologies was registered as EPA pesticide in 2019. It can use bees as a vector to spread to prevent and control fungal diseases on a variety of crops. The biological herbicide developed by the Australian Bioherbicide Company based on three weed pathogenic fungi-Lasiodiplodia pseudothebromae NT039 strain, Macrophomina phaseolina NT094 strain and Neoscytalidiumnovaehollandiae QLS003 strain, was registered as Australian pesticide in 2019 for the control of pasture weeds.